Biology – Standard Grade and Intermediate 2

Key Topics Int II

Structure and Function – (what its called and what it does):

Investigating Cells

• Types of cell:

• Cheek epithelial
• Plant mesophyll
• Yeast

• Plant cell
• Animal cell

Environmental Biology and Genetics

• Species
• Male reproductive system
• Female reproductive system
• Flower structure:

• Insect pollinated
• Wind pollinated

Animal Physiology

• Heart
• Lungs
• Arteries, veins and capillaries
• Circulatory system
• Digestive system
• Villus
• Excretory system
• Nephron
• Brain and

• Reflex arc
  

Describe (say what’s happening) and explain (say why it’s happening) the following:

Investigating Cells

• Commercial uses of cells:

• Alcohol
• Bread
• Antibiotics
• Yoghurt
• Alternative fuel

• Diffusion
• Osmosis
• Respiration :

• Aerobic
• anaerobic

• Photosynthesis
• Enzyme action:

• How they work as catalysts
• Optimums
• Denaturing
• Lock and key method

Environmental Biology and Genetics

• Food chains and Webs:

• Identify the niches
• Say what the arrows represent
• Predict the effect of changing one population
• What makes them stable

• Pyramids of numbers, biomass and energy:

• Describe
• Explain energy losses

• Biodiversity:

• Importance
• Adaptations:
• Darwin’s finches
• Desert plants
• Effects of grazing
• Pollution and habitat destruction
• Competition
• Behaviour in woodlice

• Fertilisation:

• Gamete Production
• Fusion of gametes

• DNA:

• Structure
• How it is used to control a cell

• Meiosis:

• Reduction in chromosome complement
• Number of human chromosomes:
• In gametes
• In normal cells
• Random assortment.

• Monohybrid cross.
• Codominance
• Polygenic inheritance:
• Environmental effects on phenotype.
• Natural selection in peppered moth.
• Selective breeding.
• Genetic engineering:

• How its done
• Products
• Advantages and disadvantages

Animal Physiology

• Food Groups:

• Name them
• State function
• Elements present
• Sub units
• Food tests

• Digestion:

• Define
• Substrate and products of:
• Amylase
• Pepsin
• Trypsin
• Lipase
• Action of:
• Mouth
• Peristalsis
• Stomach:
• Action of
• Glands in
• Liver and gall bladder
• Pancreas
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
• Rectum and anus
• Absorption

• Osmoregulation in animals:

• Water gain and water loss in animals
• Production of urea
• Action of Nephron
• Action of ADH
• Osmoregulation in fish:
• Marine bony fish
• Fresh water bony fish
• Circulatory System:
• Path of blood through the heart
• Function of valves
• Reasons of differences in thickness of the ventricles
• Effect of blockage of the coronary artery
• Functions of arteries veins and capillaries
• Gas exchange:
• Features of the lungs which make them good gas exchange surfaces
• Blood:
• How oxygen, food, waste and Carbon dioxide are carried in the blood
• Haemoglobin action
• Immune system:
• Macrophages
• Lymphocytes
• Brain
• Functions of
• Medulla
• Cerebellum
• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary
• Cerebrum
• Motor strip
• Sensory strip
• Reflex arc
• Reasons for
• Pathway through
• Central nervous system
• Functions of
• Senses
• Muscles
• Temperature regulation
• Negative feedback
• Response to high temperature
• Response to low temperature